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IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II01:19

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage (40-300 kV) X-Ray Facilities
06:51

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage (40-300 kV) X-Ray Facilities

Published on: February 20, 2021

Active cavity radiometer type IV.

R C Willson

    Applied Optics
    |March 9, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new Active Cavity Radiometer type IV (ACR IV) precisely measures solar irradiance. This advanced pyrheliometer offers 0.1% uncertainty, crucial for detecting climate-significant solar variations.

    Area of Science:

    • Solar physics
    • Radiometry
    • Climate science

    Background:

    • Accurate measurement of total solar irradiance is vital for understanding Earth's energy balance.
    • Existing radiometers have limitations in precision and long-term stability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a new cavity pyrheliometer, the Active Cavity Radiometer type IV (ACR IV).
    • To achieve high-precision measurements of total solar optical irradiance.
    • To contribute to long-term monitoring of solar output for climate change detection.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of the Active Cavity Radiometer type IV (ACR IV) instrument.
    • Testing of a prototype ACR IV.
    • Flight testing of an ACR IV instrument on a sounding rocket to determine the solar constant.

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  • Development of ACR IV instrumentation for future Spacelab I and Solar Maximum missions.

    • Main Results:

    • The ACR IV is predicted to measure solar irradiance at the solar constant level with 0.1% uncertainty in SI units.
    • Comparison tests show ACR IV consistently measured 0.3% higher than the World Radiometric Reference scale.
    • A prototype was successfully tested, and a flight instrument was deployed in a sounding rocket experiment.

    Conclusions:

    • The ACR IV represents a significant advancement in solar irradiance measurement technology.
    • The instrument's high precision and planned space missions will enable long-term monitoring of solar output.
    • This monitoring is essential for detecting solar variations with climatological significance.