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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

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In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization
10:28

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

Published on: July 5, 2016

Detour phase error in the Lohmann hologram.

J Bucklew, N Gallagher

    Applied Optics
    |March 9, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study analyzes errors in Lohmann holograms for random phase images. Computer simulations show that a derived hologram structure effectively reconstructs images, with errors aligning with statistical predictions.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Digital Holography
    • Image Reconstruction

    Background:

    • Lohmann holograms encode image information through diffraction gratings.
    • Understanding and quantifying reconstruction errors is crucial for hologram fidelity.
    • Random phase images present unique challenges for holographic reconstruction.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze errors in Lohmann holograms of random phase images.
    • To derive and simulate a Lohmann hologram structure for improved reconstruction.
    • To compare simulation results with theoretical error predictions.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of errors in Lohmann holograms.
    • Derivation of a Lohmann hologram structure modulating magnitude and phase information in the same direction.

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  • Detailed 1-D computer simulations of image reconstruction.
  • Qualitative and quantitative assessment of mean square error in reconstructed images.

    • Main Results:

    • A specific Lohmann hologram structure was derived and simulated.
    • Computer simulations provided detailed observations of image reconstruction.
    • Mean square error was analyzed across the reconstructed image.
    • Observed errors showed good agreement with theoretical predictions from a statistical error model.

    Conclusions:

    • The derived Lohmann hologram structure is suitable for computer simulations.
    • The study validates a statistical error model for Lohmann holography.
    • Reconstruction errors in Lohmann holograms can be quantitatively predicted.