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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.
Genetics of Speciation02:16

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.The genetics of speciation involves the different traits or isolating mechanisms preventing gene exchange, leading to reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation can be due to reproductive barriers that have effects either before or after the formation of a zygote. Pre-zygotic mechanisms prevent fertilization from occurring, and post-zygotic mechanisms...
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.The structures that arise from convergent evolution are called analogous structures. They are similar in function even if they are dissimilar in structure. Further, structures can be analogous while also...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
08:02

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

Published on: May 7, 2016

Atlantic cod piscidin and its diversification through positive selection.

Jorge M O Fernandes1, Jareeporn Ruangsri, Viswanath Kiron

  • 1Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Bodø University College, Bodø, Nordland, Norway. Jorge.fernandes@hibo.no

Plos One
|March 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Piscidins, or cationic antimicrobial peptides, are vital for fish immunity. A newly found piscidin gene in Atlantic cod reveals these peptides are not limited to modern teleosts and are evolving under positive selection.

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Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks
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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
08:02

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

Published on: May 7, 2016

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks
08:51

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Published on: May 13, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Immunology
  • Marine biology

Background:

  • Piscidins are cationic antimicrobial peptides crucial for teleost innate immunity.
  • Their diversity suggests positive selection, while ancient origins and specific targets imply purifying selection.
  • Previously, piscidins were only identified in Acanthopterygii fish.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and evolutionary dynamics of piscidin genes outside of Acanthopterygii.
  • To determine the selection pressures acting on the Atlantic cod piscidin gene.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of a piscidin gene in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
  • Analysis of nucleotide diversity across different regions of the piscidin gene.
  • Application of maximum likelihood analyses with various evolutionary models to assess selection pressures.

Main Results:

  • A piscidin gene was identified in Atlantic cod, expanding the known distribution of these peptides.
  • Higher nucleotide diversity was observed in the mature peptide and pro domain regions compared to the signal peptide.
  • Maximum likelihood analyses indicated the piscidin gene is under positive selection.
  • Amino acid substitutions at selected sites impact the peptide's amphipathic structure and function.

Conclusions:

  • Piscidins are present in evolutionarily older teleosts like Atlantic cod, not just modern Acanthopterygii.
  • The Atlantic cod piscidin gene is evolving under positive selection, driven by changes in peptide structure and function.
  • This diversification may facilitate adaptation to changing environments or pathogens.