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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Viruses of Archaea01:29

Viruses of Archaea

Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Origin of hepatitis delta virus.

John Taylor1, Martin Pelchat

  • 1Fox Chase Cancer Center, PA 19111, USA. john.taylor@fccc.edu

Future Microbiology
|March 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a unique satellite agent that depends on hepatitis B virus (HBV) for infection. Its RNA genome and replication show similarities to plant viroids, suggesting a complex evolutionary origin.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a unique subviral agent discovered in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections.
  • HDV exacerbates liver damage caused by HBV and relies on HBV envelope proteins for its lifecycle.
  • HDV exhibits distinct replication strategies compared to HBV.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary origins of the unique hepatitis delta virus (HDV).
  • To investigate the relationship between HDV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and plant viroids.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of HDV RNA.
  • Examination of HDV replication mechanisms.
  • Literature review on viral evolution and satellite agents.

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Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
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Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Main Results:

  • HDV's single-stranded circular RNA genome and replication mechanism share similarities with plant viroids.
  • HDV is a satellite agent dependent on HBV for certain functions but independent in others.
  • The findings suggest a potential evolutionary link between HDV and viroids.

Conclusions:

  • The unique characteristics of HDV suggest a complex and possibly ancient evolutionary origin.
  • HDV's similarities to viroids offer insights into the emergence of RNA-based pathogenic agents.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the evolutionary pathways of HDV.