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Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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The cellular phase of acute inflammation is a tightly orchestrated sequence of events that recruits leukocytes, primarily neutrophils, to sites of tissue injury or infection. Following the initial vascular changes, this phase ensures effective immune cell migration, activation, and function at the affected site to eliminate pathogens and initiate tissue repair.Leukocyte Recruitment CascadeLeukocyte recruitment happens in four steps: margination, adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis. Reduced...
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Expression, Purification, and Antimicrobial Activity of S100A12
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Inflammation-associated S100 proteins: new mechanisms that regulate function.

Jesse Goyette1, Carolyn L Geczy

  • 1Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.

Amino Acids
|March 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Calgranulins S100A8 and S100A9 exhibit protective anti-inflammatory roles through oxidation and S-nitrosylation. In contrast, S100A12 displays pro-inflammatory actions, potentially stabilized in oxidative conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Calgranulins (S100A8, S100A9, S100A12) are expressed in neutrophils and other cells during inflammation.
  • Their functions are influenced by cell type, inflammatory mediators, receptors, and post-translational modifications.
  • S100A8 and S100A9 gene expression is regulated by inflammatory signals like IL-10.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel extracellular functions of calgranulins.
  • To elucidate the roles of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 in inflammatory processes.
  • To discuss structure-function relationships and oxidative modifications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on calgranulin extracellular functions.
  • Analysis of gene regulation by inflammatory mediators.
  • Examination of oxidative and post-translational modifications (oxidation, S-nitrosylation).
  • Structure-function relationship studies.

Main Results:

  • S100A8 and S100A9 are oxidized by reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, forming cross-links and potentially reducing oxidative damage.
  • S100A8-S-nitrosylation (SNO) suppresses mast cell activation and regulates vascular tone.
  • S100A12 is chemoattractant for monocytes and mast cells, activates mast cells, induces cytokines, and inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by chelating zinc.
  • S100A12's pro-inflammatory effects may be stable in oxidative environments due to lack of cysteine and methionine residues.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidation and S-nitrosylation of S100A8 and S100A9 represent protective mechanisms in inflammation.
  • S100A12 possesses pro-inflammatory properties, with its activity potentially enhanced in oxidative conditions.
  • Understanding these differential roles is crucial for inflammatory disease research.