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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
10:42

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

Learning-dependent neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb determines long-term olfactory memory.

S Sultan1, N Mandairon, F Kermen

  • 1Université Lyon1, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.

FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
|March 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Newborn neurons in the olfactory bulb are crucial for long-term olfactory memory. Blocking neurogenesis impairs memory retention, highlighting its role in forming and maintaining odor memories.

More Related Videos

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice
09:33

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Published on: March 22, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
10:42

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice
09:33

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Published on: March 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system research
  • Adult neurogenesis

Background:

  • Inhibitory interneurons in the olfactory bulb undergo adult neurogenesis.
  • These neurons are modulated by learning, suggesting a role in olfactory memory plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of adult-born neurons in the olfactory bulb during olfactory memory formation and retention.
  • To determine if neurogenesis is essential for long-term olfactory memory consolidation.

Main Methods:

  • Associative olfactory learning task in adult male mice.
  • Analysis of newborn cell fate, distribution, and function (Zif268 expression).
  • Pharmacological modulation of glutamatergic transmission and neurogenesis blockade using antimitotic drugs.

Main Results:

  • Retrieval of olfactory tasks recruits newborn neurons in odor-specific olfactory bulb areas, dependent on learning strength.
  • Blocking neurogenesis during task acquisition abolished long-term retention, despite normal initial learning.
  • Adult-born neurons are essential for updating neural representations underlying long-term olfactory memory.

Conclusions:

  • Adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb is critical for long-term olfactory memory.
  • The strength of learning correlates with the duration of memory, mediated by adult-born neurons.
  • Newborn neurons contribute to the neural network's plasticity required for olfactory memory.