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Measurements of Strain

Measurements of Strain

Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain gauge...

Strain and Elastic Modulus

Strain and Elastic Modulus

The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
Membrane bending can happen due to intrinsic changes in lipid composition or extrinsic association with different proteins. The proteins involved...

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes

Published on: May 23, 2017

Moiré interferometry strain measurements in elastic thin membranes.

R D Flack, J G Thacker, J G Dixon

|March 11, 2010

Summary

This study developed a moiré interferometry method to measure strain in flexible membranes simulating human skin. The technique accurately captured strain patterns, including those near simulated bandages.

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Materials Science
Optical Metrology

Background:

Human skin exhibits complex mechanical behavior under strain.
Accurate measurement of skin deformation is crucial for understanding wound healing and device integration.
Existing methods may lack precision for large deformations or intricate surface features.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a moiré interferometry technique for analyzing strain in flexible membranes representing skin.
To investigate strain distribution in membranes under uniform axial load.
To assess strain concentration around simulated surface features like bandages.

Main Methods:

Utilized moiré interferometry with a flexible photographic emulsion coating.
Derived equations for differential interferometry applicable to large deformations.

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes

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Published on: May 23, 2017

Single Molecule Methods for Monitoring Changes in Bilayer Elastic Properties

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Applied the method to rectangular membranes under uniform axial strain.

Analyzed membranes with strain concentrators simulating bandages.

Main Results:

The developed method achieved results within 3% of exact values for uniform axial strain.
Strain concentration factors near simulated bandages ranged from -1.25 to 1.75.
Demonstrated the technique's capability to capture localized strain variations.

Conclusions:

Moiré interferometry with a flexible emulsion coating is a viable method for studying strain in skin-like membranes.
The study provides quantitative data on strain concentration, relevant for biomedical applications.
The findings contribute to a better understanding of mechanical stress on skin surfaces.