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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single stretching vibration...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...

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Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters
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Acoustooptic tunable filter performance in a staring IR sensor.

H J Babrov, M M Jacobs

    Applied Optics
    |March 11, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Spectral transmittance shape remains constant for acousto-optic tunable filters, enabling rapid modeling for satellite telescopes. This invariance aids in detecting infrared sources against Earth's background.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Remote Sensing
    • Astrophysical Instrumentation

    Background:

    • Acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs) are crucial components in satellite-based infrared (IR) telescopes for detecting faint celestial or terrestrial sources.
    • Modeling AOTF performance is complex due to spectral characteristics and system integration challenges.
    • Understanding the impact of filter parameters on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is vital for optimizing detection capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a rapid modeling approach for acousto-optic tunable filter performance in satellite-based earth-looking IR telescopes.
    • To investigate the invariance property of spectral transmittance for AOTFs.
    • To analyze the influence of filter parameters and atmospheric conditions on the detection of moving IR sources.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized the invariance of spectral transmittance shape with respect to wave number for AOTF modeling.
    • Developed a computer code to simulate AOTF performance within an IR telescope system.
    • Analyzed the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a simulated IR source against a water background, considering filter interaction length and atmospheric water vapor absorption.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that spectral transmittance shape is invariant to filter peak translation when expressed in wave number.
    • The developed computer code enables rapid performance modeling of AOTFs in satellite IR telescopes.
    • Decreasing filter interaction length enhances SNR but may lead to detector saturation due to increased background photons.
    • Atmospheric water vapor absorption significantly impacts the analysis results.

    Conclusions:

    • The discovered invariance provides an efficient method for modeling AOTF performance.
    • The study highlights the trade-offs between filter interaction length, SNR, and detector saturation.
    • Atmospheric water vapor is a critical factor to consider in the design and operation of earth-looking IR telescopes utilizing AOTFs.