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Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
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Root Mean Square

Root Mean Square

If in an experiment, data values have a probability of being both positive and negative, neither the arithmetic mean, the geometric mean, nor the harmonic mean can be used to calculate the central tendency of the data set. In particular, if the positive and negative values are equally likely, the arithmetic mean is close to zero.
For example, consider the velocity of gas molecules in a container. The gas molecules are moving in different directions, which might impart positive and negative...

IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

IR Spectrum

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
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IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

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A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)

Published on: May 3, 2011

Least-mean-square spatial filter for IR sensors.

E H Takken, D Friedman, A F Milton

|March 11, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel least-mean-square filter enhances signal detection in infrared surveillance systems. This new method improves the identification of point-source targets amidst low-frequency clutter interference.

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Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)

Published on: May 3, 2011

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

Published on: March 22, 2019

Area of Science:

Signal processing
Infrared (IR) surveillance technology
Target detection

Background:

Infrared surveillance systems often face challenges with poorly characterized, low-frequency clutter.
Accurate detection of point-source targets is crucial for effective surveillance operations.
Existing signal processing techniques may be suboptimal in complex clutter environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a new least-mean-square (LMS) filter designed for signal-detection applications.
To address the limitations of current methods in IR surveillance systems with low-frequency clutter.
To predict the performance of the proposed filter for target detection.

Main Methods:

Development of a novel least-mean-square filter algorithm.
Application of the filter to simulated or real IR surveillance data with low-frequency clutter.
Analysis of detection performance for point-source targets in both continuous-time and sampled-data systems.

Main Results:

The proposed LMS filter demonstrates effectiveness in signal-detection tasks.
Near-optimal detection of point-source targets is achieved even in the presence of significant clutter.
The filter's performance is validated for both continuous-time and sampled-data signal processing.

Conclusions:

The new LMS filter offers a significant advancement for IR surveillance systems.
The technique provides a robust solution for detecting targets in challenging clutter conditions.
This filter is a valuable tool for improving the reliability of infrared surveillance.