[Genetics and genetic counseling: the retinoblastoma case]

Forty-percent of retinoblastomas are due to a mutation inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with a high penetrance. Cytogenetic forms of retinoblastoma have led to the location of the gene, to the identification of numerous chromosome 13 specific DNA polymorphisms, and to the cloning of the gene. Intragenic DNA polymorphisms are now known. Using Southern blot hybridization, study of the mutation is possible either by direct analysis or by an indirect approach using linkage with polymorphic genetic markers. The majority of cases cannot be examined by these techniques. Their value and limits are discussed.