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Physiological Control of Respiration

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:

Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
However, the ability to hold one's breath voluntarily is not limitless. When the CO2 concentration in the blood reaches a critical level,...

Factors Affecting Respiration

Factors Affecting Respiration

Respiration is a crucial physiological function involving exchanging oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between an organism and its environment. Various factors can impact this essential process:

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

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Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors have equal affinities for...

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and anaphylaxis:...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording

Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording

Published on: November 19, 2015

Adrenaline modulates on the respiratory network development.

Morimitsu Fujii¹, Akiko Arata

¹Laboratory for Memory & Learning, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako City, Saitama, Japan. mfujii@brain.riken.jp

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|March 11, 2010

Summary

Adrenaline influences developing respiratory networks by altering respiratory frequency and synaptic transmission. This study highlights central adrenergic modulation

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Respiratory Physiology

Background:

The role of adrenaline in adult respiratory regulation is known.
The specific contribution of adrenergic systems to the developing respiratory center remains understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of adrenaline on the developing respiratory network.
To elucidate the role of adrenergic modulation in respiratory center maturation.

Main Methods:

Experiments utilized embryonic day 17 (E17) and neonatal rat brainstem-spinal cord preparations.
Adrenaline and phentolamine were applied to assess effects on respiratory activity.
GABAergic synaptic transmission to respiratory neurons was analyzed.

Main Results:

Adrenaline application in E17 preparations abolished non-respiratory activity and increased respiratory frequency.
Phentolamine application in neonatal preparations destabilized established respiration.
In E19 rats, adrenaline's effect shifted from enhancement to depression of respiratory rhythm.
Adrenaline modulated GABAergic synaptic transmission in late developmental stages.

Conclusions:

Central adrenergic modulation plays a significant role in the maturation of the respiratory network.
Adrenergic signaling is critical for establishing and maintaining respiratory stability during development.