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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Respiration01:24

Factors Affecting Respiration

Respiration is a crucial physiological function involving exchanging oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between an organism and its environment. Various factors can impact this essential process:
Application of Integration: Problem Solving01:30

Application of Integration: Problem Solving

The process of breathing involves the periodic intake and expulsion of air, known as the respiratory cycle, which typically lasts about five seconds. Modeling the volume of air inhaled into the lungs as a function of time provides insight into both the dynamics and efficiency of pulmonary ventilation. This volume is determined by integrating the airflow rate over time, which captures the cumulative effect of air entering the lungs.Sinusoidal Model of AirflowAirflow during respiration is not...
Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
However, the ability to hold one's breath voluntarily is not limitless. When the CO2 concentration in the blood reaches a critical level,...
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:

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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Phase-Resolved Functional Lung MRI for Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion (V/Q) Assessment
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Biologically variable respiration as a stochastic process in ventilation - a stochastic model study.

Kyongyob Min1, Keita Hosoi, Masayuki Degami

  • 1Respiratory Unit of Internal Medicine, Itami City Hospital, Hyogo, Japan. in1007@poh.osakamed.ac.jp

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary

We discovered that asynchronous lobular bronchiole contractions cause breathing variability. This biological variability in spontaneous respirations is explained using stochastic control theory and a Schroedinger wave function.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Physiology
  • Theoretical Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The fractal nature of the bronchial tree influences respiratory mechanics.
  • Understanding biological variability in spontaneous breathing is crucial for respiratory medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel function describing asynchronous phasic contractions of the lobular bronchiole.
  • To model the genesis of biological variability in spontaneous respirations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the fractal bronchial tree model.
  • Introduced a function for asynchronous phasic contractions of the lobular bronchiole.
  • Applied stochastic control theory and a Schroedinger wave function.

Main Results:

  • The proposed function generates fluctuations in tidal volumes.
  • Stochastic control theory successfully describes the origin of biological variability in breathing patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Asynchronous phasic contractions of the lobular bronchiole are a key factor in respiratory variability.
  • A theoretical framework combining fractal geometry and quantum mechanics principles can explain biological variability in respiration.