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Related Concept Videos

Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
Parasympathetic Signaling01:30

Parasympathetic Signaling

Parasympathetic signaling plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. It involves the release of acetylcholine (ACh) by parasympathetic neurons, which can have localized and short-lived effects. The majority of ACh released is rapidly inactivated at the synapse by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes Ach into choline and acetate. Additionally, the tissue cholinesterase deactivates any ACh diffusing into the surrounding tissues.
The effects of...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons
09:43

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

Published on: May 25, 2015

Multiple pathways to long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation.

Erica A Dale-Nagle1, Michael S Hoffman, Peter M MacFarlane

  • 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. edale@wisc.edu

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored cellular mechanisms of respiratory plasticity, specifically phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF). They identified two distinct pathways, "Q" and "S," involved in this long-lasting increase in breathing motor output.

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Retrograde Neuroanatomical Tracing of Phrenic Motor Neurons in Mice
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Retrograde Neuroanatomical Tracing of Phrenic Motor Neurons in Mice

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons
09:43

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

Published on: May 25, 2015

A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity
09:09

A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

Published on: May 28, 2014

Retrograde Neuroanatomical Tracing of Phrenic Motor Neurons in Mice
09:05

Retrograde Neuroanatomical Tracing of Phrenic Motor Neurons in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Neural plasticity is crucial in biological systems, including breathing control.
  • Understanding respiratory plasticity mechanisms is incomplete, despite clinical significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate cellular mechanisms underlying phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF).
  • To introduce a nomenclature for diverse pathways contributing to phrenic motor facilitation (PMF).

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of recent advances in cellular mechanisms of pLTF.
  • Introduction of the "Q" and "S" pathway nomenclature based on signaling cascades.

Main Results:

  • Multiple distinct mechanisms contribute to long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation (PMF).
  • Two key pathways, "Q" (Gq-coupled) and "S" (Gs-coupled), are identified.
  • These pathways interact complexly.

Conclusions:

  • Diverse signaling pathways underlie respiratory plasticity.
  • Understanding these pathways is vital for addressing physiological changes and disease.