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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells

Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells

After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters

Published on: June 23, 2023

Islet cell development.

Anabel Rojas¹, Adrian Khoo, Juan R Tejedo

¹Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), CIBERDEM, 41092 Seville, Spain. anabel.rojas@cabimer.es

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|March 11, 2010

Summary

Scientists are improving stem cell therapies for diabetes by understanding how pancreatic cells develop. This research focuses on key factors that guide stem cells to become insulin-producing beta cells, aiming for more reliable treatments.

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Endocrinology
Stem Cell Biology

Background:

Significant progress has been made in directing stem cells toward insulin-producing cells.
Current protocols face limitations including low reliability and insufficient insulin production.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic development.
To identify key transcription factors crucial for beta-cell formation from stem cells.

Main Methods:

Reviewing existing literature on pancreatic organogenesis and stem cell differentiation.
Analyzing the roles of inductive signals and transcription factors in pancreatic lineage determination.

Main Results:

Pancreatic development involves a complex network of signals and transcription factors.
These factors orchestrate pancreatic specification, differentiation, growth, and lineage maintenance.

Conclusions:

Understanding embryonic pancreatic development is key to generating effective cell sources for diabetes therapy.
Focusing on specific transcription factors can enhance the generation of functional beta cells from stem cells.