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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...

Basal Lamina are the Specialized Form of ECM

Basal Lamina are the Specialized Form of ECM

The basal lamina is a thin extracellular layer that lies underneath the cells and separates them from other tissues. The three layers of the basal lamina are lamina lucida, lamina densa and lamina reticularis. The basal lamina, a mixture of glycoproteins and collagen, provides an attachment site for the epithelium, separating it from underlying connective tissue. The framework of basal lamina has other essential proteins such as laminins mesh, perlecan, entactin, and type IV collagen.
Proteins...

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Isolating and Analyzing Cells of the Pancreas Mesenchyme by Flow Cytometry

Isolating and Analyzing Cells of the Pancreas Mesenchyme by Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 28, 2017

Basement membrane in pancreatic islet function.

Martin Kragl¹, Eckhard Lammert

¹Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. martin.kragl@uni-duesseldorf.de

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|March 11, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Islet transplantation for diabetes is complicated by loss of function during expansion. Understanding blood vessel and beta-cell interactions, specifically the vascular basement membrane, is key to preserving insulin production and beta-cell health.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Cell Biology
Diabetology

Background:

Islet transplantation is a promising treatment for diabetic patients.
Current in vitro islet expansion methods compromise essential functions like insulin production and release.
Recent research highlights the critical role of blood vessel/beta-cell interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the influence of the vascular basement membrane on key beta-cell functions.
To explore how these interactions can overcome challenges in islet transplantation.
To provide an overview of basement membrane components and their cell interactions.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing research on vascular basement membrane and beta-cell function.
Analysis of studies investigating insulin transcription, secretion, and beta-cell proliferation in relation to vascularization.
Examination of basement membrane composition and cell surface receptor interactions.

Main Results:

The vascular basement membrane is essential for proper beta-cell function, including insulin transcription and secretion.
This specialized extracellular matrix supports beta-cell proliferation.
Understanding these interactions offers potential solutions to improve islet function post-transplantation.

Conclusions:

The vascular basement membrane plays a crucial role in maintaining beta-cell function and viability.
Targeting vascular basement membrane components and their interactions may enhance islet transplantation outcomes.
Further research into these mechanisms is warranted for clinical applications in diabetes treatment.