Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

DNA Microarrays

DNA Microarrays

Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Performance Evaluation of a Custom Myeloid Assay on the Genexus Integrated Sequencer from a Wide Spectrum of Clinical Variants.

The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD·2026

Same author

Clinical Factors Affecting Bevacizumab Efficacy With and Without Conventional Chemotherapy in Metastatic Colon Cancer.

American journal of therapeutics·2020

Same author

Axiom Microbiome Array, the next generation microarray for high-throughput pathogen and microbiome analysis.

PloS one·2019

Same author

In Vivo Persistence of Donor Cells following Adoptive Transfer of Allogeneic Dendritic Cells in HIV-Infected Patients.

Cell transplantation·2017

Same author

Light localization and SERS in tip-shaped silicon metasurface.

Optics express·2017

Same author

Developing Research Priorities for Prediction and Prevention of Preterm Birth.

Clinical medicine & research·2016

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Published on: April 25, 2014

DMET microarray technology for pharmacogenomics-based personalized medicine.

James K Burmester¹, Marina Sedova, Michael H Shapero

¹Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA. burmester.jim@mcrf.mfldclin.edu

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|March 11, 2010

Summary

Genetic variations influence drug response and adverse reactions. The DMET Plus assay enables genotyping of drug metabolism genes, aiding research for safer and more effective medications.

More Related Videos

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Published on: May 21, 2019

DNA Microarrays: Sample Quality Control, Array Hybridization and Scanning

DNA Microarrays: Sample Quality Control, Array Hybridization and Scanning

Published on: March 15, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Published on: April 25, 2014

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Published on: May 21, 2019

DNA Microarrays: Sample Quality Control, Array Hybridization and Scanning

DNA Microarrays: Sample Quality Control, Array Hybridization and Scanning

Published on: March 15, 2011

Area of Science:

Pharmacogenetics
Genomics
Drug Development

Background:

Human genome sequence variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and structural variations, dictate individual responses to drugs and the risk of adverse drug reactions.
Pharmacogenetics aims to elucidate the link between genetic variation and differential drug responses to enhance drug safety and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce the Affymetrix DMET Plus Premier Pack for highly multiplexed genotyping of known polymorphisms in drug metabolism and transporter genes.
To highlight the utility of the DMET assay in understanding drug response variations.

Main Methods:

Utilizes the Affymetrix DMET Plus Premier Pack for highly multiplexed genotyping.
Interrogates markers in 225 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination (ADME)-related genes, including phase I and phase II drug metabolism enzymes and drug transporters.

Main Results:

Demonstrated influence of a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4F2 variant on warfarin dosing in a previous study.
Showcased how CYP2C19 variants with reduced enzyme activity impact clopidogrel's active metabolite levels, leading to decreased platelet inhibition and increased cardiovascular events.

Conclusions:

Highly multiplexed SNP genotyping of ADME-related polymorphisms facilitates research into developing safer and more efficacious drugs.
The DMET Plus assay provides a powerful tool for pharmacogenetic research, enabling a deeper understanding of genetic influences on drug response.