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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...
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Vaccinations

Overview
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique
09:37

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Published on: September 23, 2022

Japanese encephalitis: new options for active immunization.

Scott B Halstead1, Stephen J Thomas

  • 1Research Program, Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA. halsteads@erols.com

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|March 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus impacting Asia. Several safe and effective JE vaccines are now available, offering crucial protection against this neuroinvasive disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a significant mosquito-borne flavivirus infection causing substantial illness and death in Asia.
  • JE poses risks to local populations and travelers in endemic areas, potentially leading to neuroinvasive disease.
  • Existing mouse brain-derived vaccines have limitations in accessibility and safety concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of Japanese encephalitis vaccines.
  • To highlight the development and availability of new JE vaccine options.
  • To emphasize the importance of vaccination programs in controlling JE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Japanese encephalitis and its vaccines.
  • Analysis of vaccine development and licensure status.
  • Assessment of vaccine safety and efficacy data.

Main Results:

  • A live, attenuated JE vaccine (SA14-14-2) developed in China has been safely administered to over 300 million people.
  • New JE vaccines, including a purified, inactivated virus vaccine (IC51) and a Yellow fever-JE chimeric vaccine (ChimeriVax-JE), have recently been licensed or filed for licensure.
  • Multiple effective vaccine options for JE are now available globally.

Conclusions:

  • Japanese encephalitis is a preventable disease through vaccination.
  • The increasing availability of diverse JE vaccines provides enhanced opportunities for immunization.
  • Implementing robust vaccination programs is essential to reduce the global burden of JE.