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Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
The Arch of Aorta01:10

The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...
Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
The Aorta01:14

The Aorta

The aorta is the largest artery in the human body. It originates from the left ventricle of the heart and extends down to the abdomen, where it splits into two smaller arteries. Structurally, it can be divided into four main parts: the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta.
The average diameter of the aorta is approximately 2-3 cm, but the size can vary depending on the section of the aorta and the individual's age, sex, and body size. The aorta is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice
12:12

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Published on: February 14, 2017

Aortic root and cusp configuration determine aortic valve function.

Benjamin Oliver Bierbach1, Diana Aicher, Omar Abu Issa

  • 1Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospitals of Saarland, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, Homburg/Saar, Germany.

European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
|March 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Normalizing effective height (eH) is crucial for successful aortic valve repair (AVR). This study found that eH correlates with aortic root dimensions and body size, and its normalization predicts good aortic valve function post-AVR.

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Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement
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Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement

Published on: December 11, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice
12:12

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

Published on: February 14, 2017

Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement
14:14

Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement

Published on: December 11, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Echocardiography
  • Aortic Valve Repair

Background:

  • Successful aortic valve repair (AVR) relies on normalizing aortic root and cusp configuration.
  • Understanding aortic root dimensions relative to body size is essential for surgical planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate aortic root dimensions in relation to body size in healthy subjects.
  • To analyze the relationship between effective height (eH) and aortic root dimensions in patients undergoing AVR.
  • To determine the correlation between eH and residual aortic valve insufficiency (AI) post-AVR.

Main Methods:

  • Transthoracic echocardiography was used to measure aortic root dimensions (aortoventricular diameter, sinus diameter, sinotubular junction diameter) and effective height (eH) in 130 healthy volunteers.
  • In 651 AVR patients, residual AI and eH were assessed post-surgery.
  • Statistical analysis, including ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc testing, was employed to analyze the relationships between eH, root dimensions, and residual AI.

Main Results:

  • Aortic root dimensions showed strong correlations with each other and with body size (r=0.74-0.91).
  • Effective height (eH) was significantly correlated with aortoventricular diameter (r=0.73), sinus diameter (r=0.76), body height (r=0.77), and body surface area (r=0.81).
  • Post-AVR, lower eH values were associated with increased severity of aortic valve insufficiency (AI). Patients with eH ≥ 9 mm demonstrated a high probability of normal or trivial AI.

Conclusions:

  • Aortic root dimensions exhibit a consistent pattern relative to human body size.
  • Effective height (eH) demonstrates a stable relationship with aortic root dimensions and body size.
  • Normalization of eH during AVR is a key predictor of successful aortic valve function.