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Related Concept Videos

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Preclinical Model of Hind Limb Ischemia in Diabetic Rabbits
07:34

Preclinical Model of Hind Limb Ischemia in Diabetic Rabbits

Published on: June 2, 2019

Diabetic emergencies in small animals.

Mauria A O'Brien1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA. maobrien@illinois.edu

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|March 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome are severe diabetes mellitus complications. Understanding their pathophysiology is key for effective veterinary patient management and treatment strategies.

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Preclinical Model of Hind Limb Ischemia in Diabetic Rabbits
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Published on: June 2, 2019

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) are critical, life-threatening complications of diabetes mellitus.
  • These conditions require thorough understanding of their underlying pathophysiology for appropriate veterinary patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biochemical alterations involved in DKA and HHS.
  • To discuss current and debated management strategies for these diabetic emergencies in veterinary medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of biochemical pathways.
  • Analysis of traditional and controversial treatment protocols.

Main Results:

  • Detailed explanation of the biochemical derangements leading to DKA and HHS.
  • Comparison of various therapeutic interventions, highlighting areas of controversy.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of pathophysiology is essential for managing DKA and HHS in veterinary patients.
  • Evidence-based discussion of management strategies aids in optimizing patient outcomes.