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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

138.2K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
138.2K
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

8.9K
Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
8.9K
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

8.6K
Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
8.6K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

6.1K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
6.1K
Transcription01:17

Transcription

23.9K
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
23.9K
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

2.1K
Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
2.1K

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Related Experiment Video

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Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds
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Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

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MONOPTEROS controls embryonic root initiation by regulating a mobile transcription factor.

Alexandra Schlereth1, Barbara Möller, Weilin Liu

  • 1Entwicklungsgenetik, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP), Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

Nature
|March 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Plant root development depends on positional signals. Researchers identified TARGET OF MP (TMO) 5 and TMO7 as novel intercellular signals crucial for specifying the embryonic root founder cell in Arabidopsis.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant developmental biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Plant signaling pathways

Background:

  • Plant cell identity acquisition relies on positional information and intercellular communication for developmental patterning.
  • During Arabidopsis embryogenesis, the hypophysis (primary root meristem founder cell) is specified by signals from adjacent embryonic cells.
  • The auxin-dependent transcription factor MONOPTEROS (MP) is known to drive hypophysis specification via auxin transport, but additional signals are required.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel MP-dependent genes mediating intercellular signaling from the embryo to the hypophysis precursor.
  • To elucidate the role of these genes in Arabidopsis embryonic root specification.

Main Methods:

  • Microarray-based gene expression analysis to isolate MP target genes.
  • Genetic analysis of identified target genes in Arabidopsis mutants.
  • Analysis of protein localization and movement for TMO7.

Main Results:

  • Identified TARGET OF MP 5 (TMO5) and TARGET OF MP 7 (TMO7) as direct transcriptional targets of MP.
  • TMO5 and TMO7 encode bHLH transcription factors expressed in embryo cells adjacent to the hypophysis.
  • TMO5 and TMO7 are required and partially sufficient for MP-dependent root initiation.
  • TMO7 functions as a mobile intercellular signal, moving from the embryo to the hypophysis precursor.

Conclusions:

  • TMO5 and TMO7 are crucial components of the MP-dependent signaling pathway for embryonic root specification in Arabidopsis.
  • TMO7 represents a novel class of MP-dependent intercellular signaling molecules involved in plant development.
  • Understanding this signaling pathway provides insights into the mechanisms of cell fate determination in plant embryogenesis.