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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared
07:38

Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared

Published on: January 10, 2025

Infrared spectrometer for Voyager.

R Hanel, D Crosby, L Herath

    Applied Optics
    |March 12, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Voyager IR investigation utilized a Michelson interferometer and radiometer to analyze Jupiter's spectrum. This study details the instrument design, calibration, and performance for planetary science research.

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    In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions
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    Published on: June 16, 2014

    Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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    Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

    Published on: July 1, 2019

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

    Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared
    07:38

    Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared

    Published on: January 10, 2025

    In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions
    10:22

    In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

    Published on: June 16, 2014

    Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
    11:34

    Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

    Published on: July 1, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Planetary Science
    • Infrared Astronomy
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • The Voyager mission provided unprecedented data on the outer planets.
    • Infrared spectroscopy is crucial for analyzing planetary atmospheres and surfaces.
    • Understanding planetary composition requires advanced remote sensing techniques.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To detail the design, calibration, and performance of the Voyager Infrared (IR) investigation instruments.
    • To present a sample spectrum of Jupiter obtained by the Voyager IR investigation.
    • To establish the capabilities of the Voyager IR investigation for future planetary studies.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Michelson interferometer with 4.3-cm(-1) spectral resolution (80-2500-cm(-1)).
    • Employed a single-channel radiometer for visible and near-infrared (5000-30,000-cm(-1)) observations.
    • Shared a Cassegrain telescope with a 50-cm primary mirror and a 0.25-degree field of view.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully designed, calibrated, and tested the Voyager IR investigation instruments.
    • Acquired and presented a sample infrared spectrum of Jupiter.
    • Demonstrated the performance capabilities of the instruments for planetary analysis.

    Conclusions:

    • The Voyager IR investigation instruments are well-characterized and performed effectively.
    • The obtained Jupiter spectrum showcases the utility of the instrument for atmospheric analysis.
    • The study provides a foundation for interpreting infrared data from outer planet missions.