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Target Cell Response to Hormones

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...

Feedback Loops

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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Hormesis can and does work in humans.

Suresh I S Rattan¹, Dino Demirovic

¹Laboratory of Cellular Ageing, Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C, Denmark. rattan@mb.au.dk

Dose-Response : a Publication of International Hormesis Society

|March 12, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Physiological hormesis, the health benefits from mild stress, is already applied to humans through moderate exercise. Research supports hormesis using cellular stress response pathways for novel human applications.

Keywords:

cultured cells fibroblasts hormetin nutrition stem cells stress

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Area of Science:

Physiology
Biochemistry
Molecular Biology

Background:

Physiological hormesis is a biological phenomenon where mild stress exposure yields health benefits.
Regular, moderate exercise in humans demonstrates successful application of hormesis.
Intracellular stress response pathways are key mechanisms underlying hormetic effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To validate the concept of physiological hormesis in human systems.
To explore the role of cellular stress response pathways in hormesis.
To identify potential novel hormetins for human applications.

Main Methods:

Reviewing evidence for hormesis in human health, specifically exercise.
Conducting experimental studies on human cells in culture.
Exposing cells to mild stresses like heat shock.
Analyzing biochemical and molecular markers of stress response.

Main Results:

Human cells in culture exposed to mild stress show biochemical and molecular evidence supporting hormesis.
Moderate exercise is presented as a practical example of hormesis in humans.
Activation of intracellular stress response pathways is central to hormetic benefits.

Conclusions:

The concept of physiological hormesis is applicable and beneficial to humans.
Cellular stress response pathways offer a mechanism for understanding and applying hormesis.
Further research is needed to optimize hormetic exposure (extent and duration) and discover new hormetins.