Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Operons

Operons

Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by a repressor...

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA (thiogalactoside...

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...

From DNA to Protein

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Identification of Compounds That Inhibit Estrogen-Related Receptor Alpha Signaling Using High-Throughput Screening Assays.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2019

Same author

Differential <i>in Vitro</i> Biological Action, Coregulator Interactions, and Molecular Dynamic Analysis of Bisphenol A (BPA), BPAF, and BPS Ligand-ERα Complexes.

Environmental health perspectives·2018

Same author

Identification of Estrogen-Related Receptor α Agonists in the Tox21 Compound Library.

Endocrinology·2017

Same author

Binding of bisphenol A, bisphenol AF, and bisphenol S on the androgen receptor: Coregulator recruitment and stimulation of potential interaction sites.

Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA·2017

Same author

Development of Novel Cell Lines for High-Throughput Screening to Detect Estrogen-Related Receptor Alpha Modulators.

SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D·2017

Same author

Cell-Based High-Throughput Screening for Aromatase Inhibitors in the Tox21 10K Library.

Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology·2015

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Site-Specific Lysine Lactylation via Genetic Code Expansion in E. coli and Mammalian Cells

Site-Specific Lysine Lactylation via Genetic Code Expansion in E. coli and Mammalian Cells

Published on: February 24, 2026

Lactoferrin: the path from protein to gene.

Christina T Teng¹

¹Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, MD K202, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. teng1@niehs.nih.gov

Biometals : an International Journal on the Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine

|March 12, 2010

Summary

Lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein, was discovered to be an estrogen target gene. Research involved cloning the lactoferrin gene and examining its expression in various tissues.

More Related Videos

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Published on: August 6, 2018

Inducible LAP-tagged Stable Cell Lines for Investigating Protein Function, Spatiotemporal Localization and Protein Interaction Networks

Inducible LAP-tagged Stable Cell Lines for Investigating Protein Function, Spatiotemporal Localization and Protein Interaction Networks

Published on: December 24, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Site-Specific Lysine Lactylation via Genetic Code Expansion in E. coli and Mammalian Cells

Site-Specific Lysine Lactylation via Genetic Code Expansion in E. coli and Mammalian Cells

Published on: February 24, 2026

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Published on: August 6, 2018

Inducible LAP-tagged Stable Cell Lines for Investigating Protein Function, Spatiotemporal Localization and Protein Interaction Networks

Inducible LAP-tagged Stable Cell Lines for Investigating Protein Function, Spatiotemporal Localization and Protein Interaction Networks

Published on: December 24, 2016

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein with diverse biological functions.
Estrogen is a key hormone regulating various physiological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate lactoferrin as a target gene for estrogen.
To clone the mouse and human lactoferrin gene and promoter.
To analyze lactoferrin expression in different tissues and physiological states.

Main Methods:

Gene cloning (cDNA, promoter, gene) in mice.
Investigation of human lactoferrin gene and protein.
Tissue-specific expression analysis of lactoferrin in humans and rodents.

Main Results:

Discovery of lactoferrin as an estrogen-responsive gene.
Successful cloning of mouse lactoferrin cDNA, promoter, and gene.
Characterization of human lactoferrin gene and protein.
Detailed examination of lactoferrin expression patterns.

Conclusions:

Estrogen plays a regulatory role in lactoferrin expression.
Cloning and expression studies provide foundational knowledge of lactoferrin.
Lactoferrin exhibits complex tissue-specific and condition-dependent expression.