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Related Concept Videos

Jaundice01:25

Jaundice

Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Acne Infection01:27

Acne Infection

Acne is a multifactorial skin condition primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, with a global prevalence estimated to exceed 75% in this demographic. The condition is characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules, and, in severe cases, cysts, particularly in areas rich in sebaceous glands such as the face, neck, chest, and back. The pathogenesis involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes
07:54

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

Published on: June 5, 2014

Neonatal jaundice--are we over-treating?

S A Walsh, J F A Murphy

    Irish Medical Journal
    |March 13, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Newborn hyperbilirubinaemia treatment guidelines may be too strict. A review of phototherapy in term infants found many received treatment with low bilirubin levels, suggesting current guidelines could be relaxed for healthier newborns.

    Area of Science:

    • Neonatal Medicine
    • Pediatrics
    • Clinical Practice Guidelines

    Background:

    • Hyperbilirubinaemia is a common neonatal condition requiring intervention.
    • A 2006 NEJM study suggested relaxing treatment guidelines for healthy newborns.
    • This study retrospectively reviewed phototherapy use in term infants from 1998-2006.

    Discussion:

    • Phototherapy was administered to 2.5% of 56,894 births.
    • Of 539 term infants receiving phototherapy, 9% had peak total serum bilirubin (TSB) >400 umol/l.
    • 26% of infants receiving phototherapy had peak TSB ≤250 umol/l, with no kernicterus cases.

    Key Insights:

    • 27% of infants in the lowest TSB phototherapy range were Coombs positive.
    • Among Coombs-positive infants, 14% had peak TSB >400 umol/l.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

    Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes
    07:54

    Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

    Published on: June 5, 2014

  • Four Coombs-positive infants required exchange transfusions.

    • Outlook:

    • Findings support reconsidering current hyperbilirubinaemia treatment thresholds.
    • Evidence suggests guidelines could be relaxed for otherwise healthy term infants.
    • Further research may refine treatment protocols for neonatal jaundice.