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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Terminal H-reflex Measurements in Mice
05:38

Terminal H-reflex Measurements in Mice

Published on: June 16, 2022

[Ketamine revisited].

N Marchant1, J Joris

  • 1Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU de Liège, Belgique.

Revue Medicale De Liege
|March 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ketamine, once an anesthetic, is now vital for managing chronic and acute pain by targeting NMDA-receptors. Its reconsidered pharmacological properties offer significant clinical benefits for difficult-to-treat pain conditions.

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A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons
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A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Published on: November 7, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Terminal H-reflex Measurements in Mice
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Published on: June 16, 2022

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Published on: November 7, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology and Pain Management
  • Neuropharmacology

Context:

  • Ketamine, synthesized 50 years ago as an anesthetic, has been largely replaced by agents with fewer side effects.
  • Despite its diminished role in anesthesia, ketamine's therapeutic potential is increasingly recognized.

Purpose:

  • To review the clinical benefits and reconsidered pharmacological properties of ketamine.
  • To highlight ketamine's efficacy in treating hyperalgesia and chronic postoperative pain.
  • To emphasize ketamine's relevance for acute pain resistant to conventional analgesics.

Summary:

  • Ketamine interacts with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which are implicated in spinal neuroplasticity and hyperexcitability.
  • These mechanisms are crucial for understanding ketamine's effectiveness in preventing and treating chronic pain conditions.
  • The drug demonstrates significant efficacy in managing acute pain that does not respond to standard pain relief methods.

Impact:

  • Revises the perception of ketamine, moving beyond its historical anesthetic use.
  • Underscores the value of ketamine in modern pain management strategies.
  • Provides practitioners with insights into utilizing ketamine for challenging pain cases.