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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices
06:36

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: February 5, 2015

Thymic involution and proliferative T-cell responses in multiple sclerosis.

Danielle A Duszczyszyn1, Julia L Williams, Helen Mason

  • 1Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Journal of Neuroimmunology
|March 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients show reduced generation of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs), indicating early thymic involution. Altered T-cell proliferation in RRMS may increase susceptibility to autoimmunity.

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices
06:36

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: February 5, 2015

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • T-cell Biology

Background:

  • Naïve CD4 T-cell homeostasis is crucial for immune regulation.
  • Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system.
  • Dysregulation of T-cell populations is implicated in the pathogenesis of MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate naïve CD4 T-cell homeostasis in patients with RRMS.
  • To determine if thymic output and peripheral T-cell proliferation are altered in RRMS.
  • To explore potential mechanisms linking T-cell dysregulation to autoimmunity in RRMS.

Main Methods:

  • Quantification of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in CD31hi cells to assess recent thymic emigrants (RTEs).
  • Flow cytometry analysis of CXCR4 expression on CD4 RTEs to evaluate thymic output maturity.
  • Assessment of Ki-67 expression to measure T-cell proliferation.

Main Results:

  • Young RRMS patients exhibit reduced generation of CD4 RTEs compared to age-matched controls.
  • RRMS patients show age-associated thymic output of progressively immature CD4 RTEs.
  • Altered T-cell proliferative responses in RRMS fail to maintain naïve CD4 T-cell numbers with age.

Conclusions:

  • RRMS is characterized by early thymic involution, leading to reduced naïve T-cell output.
  • Compensatory peripheral T-cell proliferation in RRMS may contribute to autoreactivity.
  • These findings suggest a potential link between thymic dysfunction and the autoimmune processes in RRMS.