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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...

iPS Cell Differentiation

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

Stem Cell Culture

Stem Cell Culture

Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Comparison of Two Representative Methods for Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Comparison of Two Representative Methods for Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Published on: October 20, 2023

Differentiation of mesodermal cells from pluripotent stem cells.

Michinori Kitagawa¹, Takumi Era

¹Department of Phylogeny, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan. kitagawa@kumamoto-u.ac.jp

International Journal of Hematology

|March 13, 2010

Summary

Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into mesodermal cells, including blood cells, for potential medical applications like transplantation. Research is advancing methods for this cell differentiation.

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Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Developmental biology
Regenerative medicine

Background:

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) exhibit pluripotency, enabling differentiation into various cell types.
Mesodermal cell differentiation, particularly for blood cell generation, is crucial for transplantation therapies.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer potential for autologous transplantation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in mesodermal cell differentiation from ESCs and iPSCs.
To highlight the potential of these differentiated cells in medical applications.

Main Methods:

Summarizing studies on directed differentiation protocols for ESCs and iPSCs.
Focusing on improved culture conditions and methods for mesodermal induction.
Reviewing techniques applicable to both ESCs and iPSCs.

Main Results:

Significant progress has been made in differentiating mesodermal cells from both ESCs and iPSCs.
Defined culture conditions have improved the efficiency and reliability of mesodermal induction.
Methods used for ESC differentiation are increasingly applicable to iPSCs.

Conclusions:

Differentiation of mesodermal cells from ESCs and iPSCs is a rapidly advancing field.
These advancements hold promise for future regenerative medicine and transplantation strategies.
The ability to generate autologous cells via iPSCs opens new therapeutic avenues.