Matrix metalloproteinases in atherothrombosis.

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Cardiovascular Biology
• Molecular Medicine

Background:

• Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases crucial for extracellular matrix remodeling and protein cleavage.
• The MMP family comprises 28 enzymes, classified by structure or substrate preference (e.g., collagenases, gelatinases).
• Specific MMP activities are implicated in biological processes underlying atherosclerosis and its ischemic complications like myocardial infarction and stroke.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the multifaceted roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in atherosclerosis.
• To explore the contradictory findings regarding MMPs' association with cardiovascular risk.
• To examine the proposed functions of MMPs in atherogenesis, vascular remodeling, and plaque rupture.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies investigating MMPs in atherosclerosis.
• Analysis of association studies on subclinical atherosclerosis and circulating MMP levels.
• Evaluation of experimental studies in animal models of hyperlipidemia and vascular injury.

Main Results:

• MMPs are expressed within human atherosclerotic lesions, but their role in subclinical atherosclerosis remains debated.
• Circulating MMP levels and genetic variations show inconsistent associations with cardiovascular risk.
• Experimental data suggest MMPs modulate atherogenesis, vascular remodeling, and plaque rupture.

Conclusions:

• The precise contribution of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to atherosclerosis pathogenesis and cardiovascular risk is complex and requires further elucidation.
• Despite conflicting data, MMPs are recognized as key players in vascular remodeling and plaque stability.
• Continued research into MMP functions is essential for understanding and potentially treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.