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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
The Unfolded Protein Response01:37

The Unfolded Protein Response

The ER is the hub of protein synthesis in a cell. It has robust systems to quality control protein folding and also for degradation of terminally misfolded proteins. Under normal conditions, a small proportion of misfolded proteins that cannot be salvaged need to be transported to the cytoplasm by the ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathways. However, if the ERAD cannot handle the misfolded proteins, the cell activates the unfolded protein response or UPR to adjust the protein folding...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

High-Resolution Fluorespirometry to Assess Dynamic Changes in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Immune Cells
07:18

High-Resolution Fluorespirometry to Assess Dynamic Changes in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Immune Cells

Published on: May 24, 2024

Uncoupling protein UCP2: when mitochondrial activity meets immunity.

Yalin Emre1, Tobias Nübel

  • 1Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. yalinemre@gmail.com

FEBS Letters
|March 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) regulates immune cell activation by controlling mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and nutrient oxidation. This protein impacts cytokine production, nitric oxide release, and cell migration in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Immunology
  • Cellular metabolism

Background:

  • Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a mitochondrial carrier protein.
  • UCP2 plays a role in regulating cellular metabolism and energy production.
  • Its function within the immune system is an area of ongoing research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight recent findings on UCP2's function in the immune system.
  • To present a model for how UCP2 regulates immune cell activation through nutrient oxidation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on UCP2 in immune cell activation.
  • Analysis of UCP2's role in modulating MAPK pathways and reactive oxygen species production.
  • Investigation of UCP2's impact on cytokine and nitric oxide production, and cell migration.

Main Results:

  • UCP2 modulates immune cell activation via MAPK pathways and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.
  • UCP2 directly influences cytokine and nitric oxide production in models of infection, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
  • UCP2 is crucial for the oxidation of fatty acids, glutamine, and glucose, impacting immune cell function.

Conclusions:

  • UCP2 is a key regulator of immune cell activation.
  • The regulation of nutrient oxidation by UCP2 is a critical mechanism promoting immune cell activation.
  • UCP2 represents a potential therapeutic target for immune-related diseases.