Antiphospholipid syndrome in dermatology: an update

Area of Science:

• Rheumatology
• Immunology
• Hematology

Background:

• Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined by antiphospholipid antibodies, recurrent thrombosis, and fetal loss.
• It can be primary or secondary to other autoimmune diseases.
• The precise mechanisms leading to thrombosis are still under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the key features of Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS).
• To highlight the diagnostic criteria and clinical manifestations.
• To emphasize the importance of recognizing APS, especially in cases with dermatological findings.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature and diagnostic criteria for APS.
• Analysis of clinical manifestations across various organ systems.
• Discussion of diagnostic challenges and treatment implications.

Main Results:

• APS diagnosis requires at least one clinical and one laboratory criterion, though exceptions exist.
• Clinical manifestations are diverse, affecting multiple organs, unified by arterial or venous thrombosis.
• Skin manifestations, while not diagnostic criteria, can be early indicators of APS.

Conclusions:

• Prompt diagnosis and treatment of APS are vital for preventing life-threatening complications.
• Dermatologists should consider APS in patients with cutaneous findings linked to thrombosis.
• Risk stratification for thrombosis is not yet established, necessitating treatment post-event.