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Related Concept Videos

Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Inhalation Anthrax01:25

Inhalation Anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It primarily affects herbivorous animals but can be transmitted to humans through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation of spores.Cutaneous anthrax, the most common form, typically results from direct contact with bacterial spores through skin abrasions and is generally less severe. Gastrointestinal anthrax results from eating undercooked or contaminated meat. It affects the mouth, throat, or...
Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology01:18

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...

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Culture of Small Colony Variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Quantitation of its Alginate
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Incidentally proven pulmonary "ALKoma".

Atsushi Osoegawa1, Kaname Nosaki, Hitoshi Miyamoto

  • 1Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka. osoegawa-ths@umin.ac.jp

Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)
|March 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Genetic alterations involving echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inversion are key in lung cancer. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) effectively screens for EML4-ALK inversion in pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements are significant in non-small cell lung cancer.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for patients presenting with metastatic disease, particularly when differentiating between lymphoma and lung adenocarcinoma.

Observation:

  • A 39-year-old female patient presented with extensive metastases, including multiple brain lesions and bulky mediastinal lymphadenopathy.
  • Supraclavicular lymph node biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma, necessitating further molecular investigation.

Findings:

  • Chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis detected split signals for ALK, confirming the presence of the EML4-ALK gene fusion.
  • This genetic alteration, EML4-ALK inversion, was identified in the patient's adenocarcinoma.

Implications:

  • Commercial ALK FISH testing is a valuable tool for screening and diagnosing lung cancer with EML4-ALK rearrangements (pulmonary ALKoma).
  • Early identification of EML4-ALK fusion enables targeted therapy selection for patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma.