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Related Concept Videos

Aquaporins01:25

Aquaporins

Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
Regulation of Water Output01:26

Regulation of Water Output

The human body predominantly expels water through the urinary system. On average, an individual generates around 1.5 liters of urine each day. This amount can fluctuate based on how well a person is hydrated, but a critical minimum quantity of urine must be produced to ensure the body's proper functioning. Daily, the kidneys remove 600 to 1200 milliosmoles of dissolved substances, effectively excreting excess minerals and water-soluble toxins such as creatinine, urea, and uric acid from the...
Role of Water in Human Biology01:27

Role of Water in Human Biology

Water is the one of the most significant components of the human body; it plays a crucial role in several physiological activities because of its unique physicochemical properties. Importantly, it helps to regulate body temperature and is the chief component of several body fluids.
Water's Solvent Properties
Since water is a polar molecule with slightly positive and slightly negative charges, ions and polar molecules can readily dissolve in it. Therefore, it is referred to as a solvent, a...
Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:
Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a surface,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Polyamorphism in water.

Osamu Mishima1

  • 1National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan. MISHIMA.osamu@nims.go.jp

Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences
|March 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Water exhibits unique properties due to its complex structure. Experimental evidence suggests water can exist as two distinct liquids, explained by a liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP).

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Water's anomalous properties, such as its density maximum at 4°C, remain poorly understood.
  • The discovery of high-density amorphous ice (HDA) and volume changes in amorphous ice suggests polyamorphism in water.
  • Polyamorphism implies the existence of distinct disordered structures within a single-component system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that water separates into two distinct liquid phases under specific conditions.
  • To explore the role of the liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP) in explaining water's peculiar properties.
  • To detail the experimental journey from HDA discovery to the search for the LLCP.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental studies involving the creation and characterization of high-density amorphous ice (HDA).

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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

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Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
09:43

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Published on: August 13, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
16:24

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
09:43

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Published on: August 13, 2019

  • Investigation of volume changes in amorphous ice under varying conditions.
  • Search for evidence supporting the liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP) in water.

    • Main Results:

    • Experimental discovery of high-density amorphous ice (HDA) in 1984.
    • Observation of discontinuous volume changes in amorphous ice in 1985, indicating polyamorphism.
    • Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis of liquid-liquid separation in water.

    Conclusions:

    • Water's unique properties can be explained by its potential to separate into two liquids.
    • The liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP) is a key concept for understanding water's behavior.
    • Experimental findings provide a basis for a new paradigm in water science.