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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

Retrieval practice improves memory in multiple sclerosis: clinical application of the testing effect.

James F Sumowski¹, Nancy Chiaravalloti, John Deluca

¹Kessler Foundation Research Center and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, USA. jsumowski@kesslerfoundation.org

Neuropsychology

|March 17, 2010

Summary

Retrieval practice, or testing, significantly boosts memory recall compared to restudying for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). This finding holds true even for those with objective memory impairments, offering new hope for memory enhancement strategies.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Clinical Neurology

Background:

The testing effect, also known as retrieval practice, enhances memory recall more than restudying.
This phenomenon is primarily studied in healthy individuals, with limited research on neurological conditions affecting memory.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurologic disease often associated with cognitive deficits, including memory dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if retrieval practice improves delayed recall in individuals with MS compared to restudy methods.
To determine if the testing effect is present in persons with MS, including those with objective memory impairment.
To compare the efficacy of spaced testing against massed and spaced restudy for memory retention in MS.

Main Methods:

A within-subjects design was employed with 32 individuals with MS and 16 healthy controls (HC).
Participants studied verbal paired associates (VPA) under three conditions: massed restudy (MR), spaced restudy (SR), and spaced testing (ST).
Delayed cued recall of VPAs was assessed after a 45-minute interval.

Main Results:

A significant main effect of learning condition was found, indicating superior delayed recall for spaced testing (ST) over both spaced restudy (SR) and massed restudy (MR).
Spaced restudy (SR) also led to better recall than massed restudy (MR) across all participants.
The observed pattern of improved recall with ST was consistent even in MS participants with objective memory impairment.

Conclusions:

Retrieval practice (spaced testing) is more effective for enhancing delayed memory recall than restudy methods in individuals with MS.
The findings provide the first evidence that retrieval practice benefits memory in individuals with neurologically based memory impairments.
These results suggest that retrieval practice can be a valuable strategy for memory enhancement in populations affected by neurological diseases like MS.