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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance01:23

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
A study on guinea pigs examined the...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Related Experiment Videos

Bupropion toxicokinetic: a case report.

Kieran Donnelly1, Hannah Beth Walkowiak, Christopher Donnelly

  • 1Department of Anaesthetics, UHB NHS Trust, Sellyoak, Birmingham, UK. kdonnelly2@nhs.net <kdonnelly2@nhs.net>

Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)
|March 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Sustained-release bupropion overdose in a young male revealed significantly altered toxicokinetics compared to therapeutic use. Bezoar formation may explain the prolonged absorption and extended half-life observed in this case.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • The toxicokinetics of sustained-release (SR) bupropion are not well characterized, particularly in overdose scenarios.
  • Understanding bupropion's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion is crucial for managing toxicity.

Observation:

  • A case study involved a 23-year-old male with a massive overdose (5,700 mg) of SR bupropion without co-ingestants.
  • Serum bupropion concentrations were monitored for 5 days, revealing a peak concentration of 1.114 mg/L.
  • The observed time to peak concentration (Tmax) was 8.25 hours, with calculated alpha and beta half-lives of 10.9 and 19.8 hours, respectively.

Findings:

  • The Tmax and alpha half-life in this overdose case were significantly longer than those typically observed at therapeutic bupropion doses.
  • These altered pharmacokinetic parameters suggest a delayed and prolonged absorption of SR bupropion.

Implications:

  • Bezoar formation is hypothesized as a potential cause for the delayed absorption and prolonged toxicokinetics of SR bupropion in overdose.
  • Interventions aimed at reducing the absorption of SR bupropion may be beneficial in managing such overdose cases.