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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Natural Killer (NK) and CAR-NK Cell Expansion Method using Membrane Bound-IL-21-Modified B Cell Line
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Complement receptor 2/CD21- human naive B cells contain mostly autoreactive unresponsive clones.

Isabelle Isnardi1, Yen-Shing Ng, Laurence Menard

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.

Blood
|March 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Complement receptor 2-negative (CR2/CD21(-)) B cells are found in autoimmune diseases. These cells in rheumatoid arthritis and CVID patients are autoreactive and unresponsive, potentially serving as biomarkers for anergic B cells.

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Published on: December 14, 2016

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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Complement receptor 2-negative (CR2/CD21(-)) B cells are implicated in autoimmune diseases and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).
  • The precise role and characteristics of CD21(-/lo) B cells remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the frequency and function of CD21(-/lo) B cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  • To characterize the autoreactivity and activation status of CD21(-/lo) B cells in RA and CVID patients.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry to quantify CD21(-/lo) B cells.
  • Analysis of antibody reactivity and B cell activation assays (calcium flux, proliferation) upon B-cell receptor and CD40 stimulation.
  • Gene array analysis to identify specific molecular markers.

Main Results:

  • Increased frequencies of CD21(-/lo) B cells were observed in some RA patients.
  • A majority of CD21(-/lo) B cells from RA and CVID patients expressed autoreactive antibodies targeting nuclear and cytoplasmic structures.
  • These CD21(-/lo) B cells exhibited an anergic phenotype, failing to activate or proliferate upon stimulation.
  • Gene array analysis identified specific molecules on CD21(-/lo) B cells associated with their unresponsive state.

Conclusions:

  • CD21(-/lo) B cells in RA and CVID patients are predominantly autoreactive and anergic.
  • These cells express unique molecules that could serve as novel biomarkers for identifying anergic B cells in humans.
  • Understanding CD21(-/lo) B cell biology offers insights into autoimmune pathogenesis.