Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Heterologous Sequential mRNA Vaccination of Indian Rhesus Macaques Elicits Broad Binding and Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against Diverse Henipaviruses.

Viruses·2026
Same author

Prophylactic and therapeutic neutralizing monoclonal antibody treatment prevents lethal yellow fever infection.

JCI insight·2025
Same author

Acute-phase innate immune responses in SIVmac239-infected <i>Mamu-B*08+</i> Indian rhesus macaques may contribute to the establishment of elite control.

Frontiers in immunology·2024
Same author

Tracing the origin of SARS-CoV-2 omicron-like spike sequences detected in an urban sewershed: a targeted, longitudinal surveillance study of a cryptic wastewater lineage.

The Lancet. Microbe·2024
Same author

Homotypic antibodies target novel E glycoprotein domains after natural DENV 3 infection/vaccination.

Cell host & microbe·2023
Same author

Therapeutic neutralizing monoclonal antibody administration protects against lethal yellow fever virus infection.

Science translational medicine·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches
13:36

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Published on: May 6, 2015

Is an HIV vaccine possible?

Nancy A Wilson1, David I Watkins

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA. nwilson@primate.wisc.edu

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases
|March 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Developing an effective HIV vaccine remains challenging due to the virus's diversity. Current strategies focus on inducing neutralizing antibodies or T cell responses, with recent trials yielding disappointing results.

More Related Videos

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation
10:58

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

Published on: August 21, 2019

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
12:03

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches
13:36

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Published on: May 6, 2015

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation
10:58

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

Published on: August 21, 2019

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
12:03

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Developing an HIV vaccine is complex due to the virus's genetic diversity and immune evasion mechanisms.
  • Traditional vaccine approaches, like inducing neutralizing antibodies, have faced significant hurdles in clinical trials.
  • Attenuated viral vaccines show promise in non-human primates but pose safety concerns for human use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in HIV vaccine development, focusing on T cell-based strategies.
  • To analyze the challenges and successes in eliciting protective immune responses against HIV.
  • To discuss the utility of the non-human primate simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model in HIV vaccine research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on HIV vaccine development strategies.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data, including the Merck STEP trial (Adenovirus type 5 vector).
  • Examination of non-human primate studies using SIV challenge models.

Main Results:

  • Inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV has been difficult due to the Envelope glycoprotein's diversity and glycan shield.
  • The Merck STEP trial using an Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector expressing HIV antigens failed to prevent infection or reduce viral replication.
  • Ad5-based vaccine results in non-human primates also showed limited efficacy against SIV challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Despite setbacks, research continues to explore novel strategies for HIV vaccine development.
  • T cell-based vaccine approaches, while promising, require further optimization and rigorous testing.
  • The non-human primate SIV model remains a critical tool for evaluating potential HIV vaccine candidates.