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Related Concept Videos

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

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Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy01:37

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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
Transmission Line Design Considerations01:23

Transmission Line Design Considerations

Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...

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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Conducting Multiple Imaging Modes with One Fluorescence Microscope
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Published on: October 28, 2018

Planar star coupler for multimode fibers.

M Stockmann, H H Witte

    Applied Optics
    |March 18, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Star network configurations are superior for passive optical data bus systems, enabling communication with hundreds of terminals. This study investigates star coupler performance, finding a ~12% power variation and ~3dB insertion loss in a 12-fiber system.

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    Published on: April 20, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Optical networking
    • Telecommunications engineering
    • Passive optical components

    Background:

    • T-shaped networks are limited to ~10 terminals for passive optical data bus systems due to power distribution and detector dynamic range constraints.
    • Star network configurations offer scalability for passive communication, supporting hundreds of terminals with current fiber optic technology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the theoretical and experimental performance of planar mixers used in star couplers.
    • To assess the impact of these mixers on optical power distribution uniformity and insertion losses in passive optical networks.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of planar mixer performance in star couplers.
    • Experimental measurements on a 12-fiber star coupler (200-microm core, 15-microm cladding).
    • Evaluation of optical power variation and insertion loss.

    Main Results:

    • Planar mixers in star couplers significantly influence power distribution and insertion loss.
    • A 12-fiber star coupler exhibited an optical power variation of approximately +/-12% across the mixer width.
    • The measured insertion loss for the 12-fiber star coupler was approximately 3dB.

    Conclusions:

    • Star network configurations are a viable and scalable solution for passive optical data bus systems.
    • Planar mixers in star couplers present trade-offs between power uniformity and insertion loss that must be managed.
    • Further optimization of star coupler design is needed to improve power distribution and minimize losses for large-scale passive optical networks.