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Related Concept Videos

Photoelectric Effect02:26

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
08:53

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

Published on: October 9, 2012

Angle resolved photoemission in solids.

Y Petroff, P Thiry

    Applied Optics
    |March 18, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy is a powerful technique for investigating electronic band structures and surface states in solids. This study demonstrates its application to copper surfaces with (110) and (111) orientations.

    Area of Science:

    • Solid-state physics
    • Surface science
    • Quantum mechanics

    Background:

    • Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is a key experimental technique.
    • Understanding electronic band structures and surface states is crucial in solid-state physics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To illustrate the utility of ARPES for studying electronic properties of solids.
    • To present results for specific crystallographic orientations of copper.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
    • Analyzing experimental data for copper (Cu) samples.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated the capability of ARPES to probe band structures.
    • Identified and characterized surface states on copper.

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    Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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    Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

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    Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
    06:53

    Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

    Published on: July 27, 2018

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

    Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
    08:53

    Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

    Published on: October 9, 2012

    Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
    09:00

    Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

    Published on: June 28, 2018

    Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
    06:53

    Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

    Published on: July 27, 2018

    Conclusions:

    • ARPES is effective for characterizing electronic properties of solids.
    • Specific surface states and band structures were observed for Cu(110) and Cu(111).