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Chambers of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...

The Cardiac Cycle

The Cardiac Cycle

The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and empty blood into the...

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...

Coronary Circulation

Coronary Circulation

The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Published on: February 8, 2022

A tale of two atria.

Khalil Kanjwal¹, Asma Khaliq, Blair P Grubb

¹Division of Cardiology, Section of Electrophysiology, The University of Toledo Medical Center, 3000 Arlington ave Toledo Ohio 43614, USA.

Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal

|March 18, 2010

Summary

We found an unusual heart rhythm in an intracardiac electrogram of a patient who received a bi-atrial orthotopic heart transplant. This finding is important for understanding cardiac transplant recipient rhythms.

Keywords:

bi-atrial orthotopic cardiac transplant intracardiac electrogram

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Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

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Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping

Electrophysiological Assessment of Murine Atria with High-Resolution Optical Mapping

Published on: February 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Electrophysiology
Transplant Surgery

Background:

Cardiac transplantation is a life-saving procedure for end-stage heart failure.
Post-transplant atrial arrhythmias can complicate patient management.
Intracardiac electrograms are crucial for assessing cardiac electrical activity.

Purpose of the Study:

To report and analyze an unusual intracardiac electrogram finding in a bi-atrial orthotopic cardiac transplant recipient.
To highlight the significance of dissimilar atrial rhythms in this specific patient population.

Main Methods:

Acquisition and analysis of an intracardiac electrogram.
Case report of a patient with bi-atrial orthotopic cardiac transplant.

Main Results:

An intracardiac electrogram revealed a dissimilar atrial rhythm.
The rhythm pattern was unique and noteworthy in the context of cardiac transplantation.

Conclusions:

Dissimilar atrial rhythms can occur in bi-atrial orthotopic cardiac transplant recipients.
Careful electrophysiological monitoring is essential for managing these patients.