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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Catalysis

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Optimizing Chromatographic Separations

Optimizing Chromatographic Separations

Optimizing chromatographic separations is crucial for obtaining clean separations in a minimum amount of time. Optimization is required for several factors, including kinetic effects related to band broadening, plate height, capacity factor, and separation factor.
Band broadening refers to spreading solute bands as they travel through the column. This broadening can impact resolution. Plate height (H) represents the length required for one theoretical plate. A lower plate height corresponds to...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

Published on: August 23, 2018

Combining homogeneous catalysis with heterogeneous separation using tunable solvent systems.

Vittoria M Blasucci¹, Zainul A Husain, Ali Z Fadhel

¹Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, USA.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A

|March 19, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Tunable solvents integrate reactions and separations, reducing waste and energy use. This study applies carbon dioxide-based systems and introduces a novel propane-based tunable solvent for greener chemical processes.

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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

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Published on: August 23, 2018

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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Green Chemistry
Catalysis
Separation Science

Background:

Tunable solvent systems offer integrated reaction and separation steps, reducing waste and energy consumption compared to traditional methods.
These systems combine homogeneous catalysis with heterogeneous separations, improving process economics and sustainability.
Previous work established carbon dioxide-tunable solvent systems like polyethylene glycol (PEG)/organic tunable solvents (POTS) and organic/aqueous tunable solvents (OATS).

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the application of existing carbon dioxide-tunable solvent systems (POTS and OATS) in specific catalytic reactions.
To introduce and evaluate a novel tunable solvent system utilizing propane instead of carbon dioxide.
To showcase the versatility of tunable solvents in facilitating complex chemical transformations.

Main Methods:

Palladium-catalyzed C-O coupling reactions were performed using PEG400/1,4-dioxane/water as a tunable solvent system.
Rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation was conducted in a water/acetonitrile tunable solvent system.
A new tunable solvent system was developed by replacing carbon dioxide with propane in an OATS-based system.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of o-tolyl-3,5-xylyl ether and 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol via palladium catalysis in a PEG-based tunable solvent.
Efficient production of 2-(p-tolyl) propanal through rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation in a water/acetonitrile system.
Demonstration of propane as a viable component in a novel tunable solvent system for the first time.

Conclusions:

Tunable solvent systems, including CO2-based POTS and OATS, are effective for homogeneous catalysis coupled with separations.
The development of a propane-based tunable solvent system represents a significant advancement in green chemistry.
These findings highlight the potential of tunable solvents to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of chemical manufacturing.