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Related Concept Videos

The Mammary Glands01:12

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...
Cancer Prevention02:59

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
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Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

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NO to breast: when, why and why not?

Shehla Pervin1, Gautam Chaudhuri, Rajan Singh

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA. shehlapervin@cdrewu.edu

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|March 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a dual role in breast cancer. While beneficial in some contexts, sustained low levels of NO in the breast promote tumorigenesis and cancer progression, particularly in estrogen receptor-positive tumors.

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Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats
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Published on: October 16, 2010

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Published on: May 17, 2024

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats
09:36

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

Published on: October 16, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule with diverse physiological roles, but it is implicated in various pathological conditions, notably breast cancer.
  • The breast's adipogenic environment can be particularly susceptible to NO's harmful effects, initiating and promoting tumor development.
  • Epidemiological studies link specific polymorphisms in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to increased breast cancer risk, especially for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine the mechanisms by which nitric oxide contributes to breast cancer initiation and progression.
  • To address existing controversies regarding NO's role in mammary tumorigenesis.
  • To elucidate the impact of NO on the tumor microenvironment and specific cell types within the breast.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing epidemiological data on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) polymorphisms and breast cancer risk.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms linking sustained low-level NO production to oxidative stress and inflammation.
  • Examination of the dual role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in mammary tumor promotion or inhibition based on microenvironmental context.

Main Results:

  • Sustained low levels of nitric oxide, often from eNOS polymorphisms, create oxidative stress and inflammation, promoting cancer-related events in susceptible breast cells.
  • Inflammatory conditions can upregulate iNOS, whose effect on tumor growth (promotion or inhibition) is context-dependent.
  • The interplay between NO, oxidative stress, inflammation, and specific cell types within the breast microenvironment is crucial for understanding breast cancer development.

Conclusions:

  • Nitric oxide is a significant factor in both the initiation and progression of breast cancer, particularly within the breast's adipogenic and inflammatory milieu.
  • The specific source and level of nitric oxide (e.g., eNOS vs. iNOS) and the tumor microenvironment dictate its ultimate impact on mammary tumors.
  • Further research is needed to fully resolve the complex and sometimes contradictory roles of nitric oxide in breast cancer biology.