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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior
09:49

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Published on: April 16, 2014

Does perception asymmetrically influence motor production in upper and lower visual fields?

K Brownell1, T Rolheiser, M Heath

  • 1College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Motor Control
|March 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigated if visual field asymmetries affect reaching movements. Results indicate that neither visual delays nor illusions created performance differences between the upper and lower visual fields during reaching tasks.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Previous research suggests anatomical asymmetries exist between the upper (uVF) and lower visual fields (lVF).
  • These asymmetries may influence the preparation and control of visually and memory-guided reaching movements.
  • Duplex theories of vision propose differential processing for visual fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine if anatomical asymmetries between the uVF and lVF impact visually and memory-guided reaching movements.
  • To test if visual delays or contextual illusions differentially affect uVF and lVF reach performance.
  • To determine if lVF movement advantages are linked to specific neural pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed reaching movements to targets under varying visual-memory conditions (full vision, memory-guided with delays).
  • Experiment 1 involved targets with varying difficulty (3.1–5.1 bits) and delays (0–10 s).
  • Experiment 2 used Müller-Lyer figures with delays (0–2 s) to assess illusion effects.

Main Results:

  • Data showed mixed support for a lower visual field advantage in movement execution.
  • Neither introducing a delay nor contextual illusions differentiated performance between the upper and lower visual fields.
  • No evidence was found linking lower visual field advantages to preferential parietal or temporal connections.

Conclusions:

  • Performance advantages for movements in the lower visual field are not clearly associated with preferential connections to dorsal-action or ventral-perception neural architectures.
  • The findings challenge simple models suggesting distinct neural pathways for upper and lower visual field processing in reaching.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the neural basis of visual field asymmetries in motor control.