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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...
Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Biotinylated Cell-penetrating Peptides to Study Intracellular Protein-protein Interactions
10:26

Biotinylated Cell-penetrating Peptides to Study Intracellular Protein-protein Interactions

Published on: December 20, 2017

Intracellular transduction using cell-penetrating peptides.

Rupa Sawant1, Vladimir Torchilin

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Mugar Building, Room 312, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Molecular Biosystems
|March 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), like TATp, are effective for delivering various agents into cells. This review explores CPP mechanisms and their broad applications in biology and medicine.

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Biotinylated Cell-penetrating Peptides to Study Intracellular Protein-protein Interactions
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Biotinylated Cell-penetrating Peptides to Study Intracellular Protein-protein Interactions

Published on: December 20, 2017

In Vivo Imaging of Transduction Efficiencies of Cardiac Targeting Peptide
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Published on: June 11, 2020

Engineering Cell-permeable Protein
21:08

Engineering Cell-permeable Protein

Published on: December 28, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) facilitate the transport of molecules across cell membranes.
  • The TAT peptide (TATp) is a well-established CPP with broad applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms underlying CPP-mediated intracellular delivery.
  • To summarize the diverse applications of CPPs in biological and medical research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies involving CPPs and intracellular delivery.
  • Analysis of examples demonstrating CPP utility.

Main Results:

  • CPPs, particularly TATp, enable the delivery of diverse cargo, including small molecules, proteins, and nanocarriers.
  • CPPs have shown significant potential in various biological and medical applications.

Conclusions:

  • CPP-mediated delivery is a versatile strategy for intracellular transport.
  • CPPs hold promise for advancing drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions.