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Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: multiple targets for treatment.

Hong Ding¹, Chris R Triggle

¹Department of Pharmacology & Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar.

Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology

|March 19, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic vascular disease involves endothelial dysfunction, characterized by reduced vasodilatation. Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia contribute to this dysfunction by affecting key pathways like endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

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Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000

Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000

Published on: October 15, 2010

Area of Science:

Vascular Biology
Endocrinology
Diabetic Complications

Background:

Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in diabetic vascular disease.
It is characterized by impaired vasodilatation and is an early indicator of micro- and macrovascular complications.
Hyperglycemia is a primary driver, but other factors like dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity are also involved.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the mechanisms linking hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia to endothelial dysfunction in diabetes.
To explore the impact of these factors on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and other vasoactive pathways.
To elucidate the roles of endothelium-derived contracting factors (EDCFs) and adipose-derived relaxing factor (ADRF).

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on cellular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes.
Analysis of the effects of hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia on vascular tone regulation.
Examination of the roles of eNOS, EDHF, EDCF, and ADRF in diabetic vascular disease.

Main Results:

Hyperglycemia initiates and exacerbates endothelial dysfunction in diabetes.
Oxidative stress and dyslipidemia further impair endothelial function through various molecular pathways.
Alterations in eNOS activity, EDHF pathways, EDCFs, and ADRF contribute to the vascular complications of diabetes.

Conclusions:

Endothelial dysfunction is a critical cellular basis for diabetic vascular disease.
Understanding the interplay of hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia is crucial for managing diabetic complications.
Targeting these pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for preventing or treating diabetic vascular disease.