The human lactoferrin-derived peptide hLF1-11 primes monocytes for an enhanced TLR-mediated immune response

Earlier we reported that the peptide corresponding to the first eleven N-terminal amino acids of human lactoferrin (hLF1-11) is active against multi-drug resistant pathogens in mice. The mechanisms underlying this anti-infective activity remain unclear. Since hLF1-11 is ineffective against pathogens at physiological salt concentrations and hLF1-11 directs differentiation of monocytes toward a macrophage subset with enhanced effector functions, we investigated the effects of hLF1-11 on human and murine monocytes. Results revealed that human and murine monocytes exposed for 1 h to hLF1-11 and then stimulated with the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-ligand LPS for 18 h, displayed enhanced cytokine and chemokine production as compared to control (peptide-treated) monocytes. We also found that expression of mRNA, cell-surface receptor expression, and NF-kappaB activation by hLF1-11-exposed human monocytes were enhanced as compared to control (peptide-treated) monocytes. Furthermore, the kinetics of the cytokine production was unchanged as mRNA levels and protein levels paralleled the enhanced response of hLF1-11-exposed monocytes to LPS. The cytokine production by human monocytes in response to TLR4, TLR5, and TLR7 stimulation, but not to TLR2 stimulation, was elevated by hLF1-11. In concordance, translocation of NF-kappaB subunits to the nucleus was enhanced in hLF1-11-exposed monocytes after TLR stimulation, except for TLR2, as compared to control (peptide-exposed) monocytes. In conclusion, monocytes were primed by hLF1-11 for an enhanced inflammatory response upon TLR4, TLR5, and TLR7 stimulation, but not TLR2 stimulation. Such effects of hLF1-11 on monocyte reactivity should be taken into account when considering the clinical development of this peptide for a therapeutic intervention in patients.