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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice
Published on: August 4, 2011
[Signs of retinoblastoma]
Joanna Kobylarz1, Anna Napora-Krawiec, Małgorzata Anzel
1Katedra Okulistyki, Klinika Okulistyki i Onkologii Okulistycznej, Uniwersytet Jagielloński Collegium Medicum, Kraków. jzkobylarz@gmail.com
Purpose:
Retrospective analysis of retinoblastoma symptoms in patients treated in Ophthalmological Clinic in Krakow.
Material And Methods:
A retrospective chart review was conducted of 293 retinoblastoma patients from our center (1969-2008).
Results:
A total of 170 (58%) of 293 patients presented with leukocoria, 81 (27.6%) patients had strabismus, 22 (7.5%) had atypical sings, 12 (4.1%) was detected by chance. Eight (2.8%) patients who had a family history of retinoblastoma and were clinically screened for retinal tumors from birth were diagnosed younger.
Conclusions:
We recommend routine dilated fundoscopic examination by an ophthalmologist for early detection of retinoblastoma before leukocoria and strabismus.
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