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Related Concept Videos

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Respiration Pathways

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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Rabies-Specific Antibody Isotypes Detection in Sera or Cerebral Spinal Fluid Using an IFA Test
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[Analysis of multisynaptic neuronal pathways by using rabies virus].

Masahiko Takada1, Ken-ichi Inoue, Shigehiro Miyachi

  • 1Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|March 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study used rabies virus to map neuronal connections in macaque brains, revealing somatotopic organization in motor cortex inputs to the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Primatology
  • Viral Tracing

Context:

  • Understanding the brain's complex circuitry is crucial for neuroscience.
  • Multisynaptic neuronal pathways are difficult to map using traditional methods.
  • Neurotropic viruses offer a powerful tool for tracing neural connections.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the input systems of the primary motor cortex in macaques.
  • To analyze the somatotopic organization of neuronal pathways.
  • To map connections to the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum using rabies virus.

Summary:

  • Rabies virus was injected into different primary motor cortex regions (hindlimb, forelimb, orofacial) of macaques.
  • Neuronal labeling patterns were analyzed in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.
  • Results demonstrated somatotopic organization in the projections to these brain areas, with distinct patterns for different body parts.

Impact:

  • Provides detailed maps of motor cortex connectivity.
  • Highlights the somatotopic organization of neural pathways.
  • Enhances understanding of brain circuitry and motor control.