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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example
08:45

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Published on: October 24, 2012

Auditory temporal expectations modulate activity in visual cortex.

Domenica Bueti1, Emiliano Macaluso

  • 1Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy. d.bueti@hsantalucia.it

Neuroimage
|March 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anticipating future events using temporal information influences brain activity, even in visual areas processing sounds. This suggests crossmodal influences in sensory processing and predictive brain function.

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example
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Published on: October 24, 2012

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Sensory Processing

Background:

  • Temporal expectation aids efficient perception and motor skills.
  • Brain regions involved in temporal expectation are not fully understood.
  • Prior studies show temporal expectations modulate visual cortex for visual stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate crossmodal temporal expectations.
  • Examine category selectivity in visual cortex during auditory expectation.
  • Understand how the brain uses temporal cues for auditory events.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity.
  • Auditory stimuli (hand-clapping, hammer-hammering) were presented.
  • Participants anticipated auditory events based on temporal cues.

Main Results:

  • Occipital cortex activity changed over time, reflecting temporal expectations of auditory stimuli.
  • Extrastriate visual areas showed modulation, even without visual input.
  • Activity modulation was linked to target probability, not sound category.

Conclusions:

  • Crossmodal associations influence sensory-specific visual areas during anticipation.
  • Temporal expectations modulate distributed brain networks, including sensory and motor regions.
  • The brain uses temporal information across modalities to optimize responses.