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Updated: Jun 14, 2026
Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy
Published on: January 30, 2014
Syndromes of the first and second branchial arches, part 1: embryology and characteristic defects
J M Johnson1, G Moonis, G E Green
1Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA. Jason.Johnson@vtmednet.org
Abstract:
A variety of congenital syndromes affecting the face occur due to defects involving the first and second BAs. Radiographic evaluation of craniofacial deformities is necessary to define aberrant anatomy, plan surgical procedures, and evaluate the effects of craniofacial growth and surgical reconstructions. High-resolution CT has proved vital in determining the nature and extent of these syndromes. The radiologic evaluation of syndromes of the first and second BAs should begin first by studying a series of isolated defects: CL with or without CP, micrognathia, and EAC atresia, which compose the major features of these syndromes and allow more specific diagnosis. After discussion of these defects and the associated embryology, we proceed to discuss the VCFS, PRS, ACS, TCS, Stickler syndrome, and HFM.
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