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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Obesity01:24

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue
10:28

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Published on: July 17, 2018

Adiposity and β-cell function: relationships differ with ethnicity and age.

Paula C Chandler-Laney1, Radhika P Phadke, Wesley M Granger

  • 1Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)
|March 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adiposity impacts insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function differently in African American and European American women across age groups. This difference is particularly notable in older African American women, affecting their insulin secretion and action.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Health
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes prevalence is higher in African Americans (AA) compared to European Americans (EA), particularly in middle-aged, obese individuals.
  • Understanding ethnic and age-related differences in metabolic regulation is crucial for targeted health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how adiposity (percent body fat, %fat) influences insulin sensitivity (S(I)) and beta-cell function across different age groups and ethnicities (AA vs. EA).
  • To test the hypothesis that the association between adiposity and metabolic indexes varies by ethnicity and age.

Main Methods:

  • Study included 168 healthy, normoglycemic AA and EA females aged 7-12, 18-32, and 40-70 years.
  • Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) assessed insulin secretion and action indexes (S(I), acute C-peptide secretion (X0), beta-cell responsivity (PhiB, Phi1, Phi2, Phi(TOT)), and disposition index (DI)).
  • Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured %fat.

Main Results:

  • Adiposity was significantly linked to lower insulin sensitivity in EA but not AA women.
  • Adiposity stimulated beta-cell function in younger subjects and EA women, but inhibited it in postmenopausal women, especially AA postmenopausal women.
  • In AA postmenopausal women, higher %fat correlated with reduced first-phase (Phi1) and total (Phi(TOT)) beta-cell responsivity.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function is significantly influenced by both age and ethnicity.
  • Findings highlight potential ethnic and age-specific mechanisms underlying metabolic dysregulation and diabetes risk.